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Indonesia

Jakarta

Jakarta (, Indonesian pronunciation: [dʒaˈkarta]), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia, and was formerly known as Batavia in the colonial era Dutch East Indies; and as Sunda Kelapa during the era of the Sunda Kingdom. Located on the northwest coast of the world's most populous island Java, Jakarta is the centre of economics, culture and politics of Indonesia, with a population of 10,075,310 as of 2014.The Greater Jakarta metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabek (a name formed by combining the initial syllables of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi), is the second largest urban agglomeration and 2nd largest urban area in the world after Tokyo, with a population of 30,214,303 as of 2010 census. Jakarta's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of many communities and cultures. Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status, but is commonly referred to as a city. The Jakarta provincial government consists of five cities and one administrative regency. Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa, the city became an important trading port for the Kingdom of Sunda. It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies, and was known as Batavia at that time. The city is currently the seat of the ASEAN Secretariat and other important financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia, the Indonesia Stock Exchange, and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations. As of 2017, six Forbes Global 2000 companies have headquarters in the city. The city is also home for two Fortune 500 companies.Four Unicorn start ups operates from a head office in Jakarta. Jakarta is listed as an Alpha Global City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). Based on the global metro monitor by the Brookings Institution in 2014, the GDP of Jakarta was estimated at US$321.3 billion and economic growth was ranked 34th among the world's 200 largest cities. Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok and Beijing. Major challenges for Jakarta include rapid urban growth leading to overpopulation and ecological breakdown, gridlock traffic and congestion, poverty and inequality, and flooding. The Indonesian capital is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) per year, which, coupled with the rising of sea level, has made the city more prone to flooding.

Sulawesi Utara

North Sulawesi (Indonesian: Sulawesi Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the northern peninsula of the island of Sulawesi, on the Minahasa Peninsula, lies south of Philippines and southeast of Malaysia. It borders Philippines to the north, the Maluku Sea to the east, Gorontalo to the west and the Gulf of Tomini to the south. The province's capital and largest city is Manado, and its population was 4,135,526 according to the 2010 census; the latest official estimate (for January 2014) is 4,353,540. Manado is also the main gateway and the economic center of the province. Other major towns includes Tomohon and Bitung. As of the 2016 census of Indonesia, North Sulawesi's total population is 2.771.159. There are 41 mountains with an altitude ranging from 1,112 - 1,995 asl. Most geologic conditions are the young volcanic region, a large number of eruptions and the active cone shape of the active volcanoes that adorn the central Minahasa, Bolaang Mongondow and Sangihe Islands. North Sulawesi in the past was an area of potential spices, rice and gold which became a battleground for the interests of economic hegemony between the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and the Kingdoms around this area, which ultimately led to political and military struggles. The past of this region also became the trading route between west and east and the spread of Christianity, Islam and belief or religion brought by Chinese merchants. The Portuguese first landed on the area at the 16th century. Following decades of war between the Portuguese, the Spanish and the Dutch to control the area, the area ultimately fell to the Dutch at the 17th century. The Dutch ruled the area for three centuries, before being ousted by the Japanese on the eve of World War II. Following the Japanese surrender in 1945, the Dutch briefly regained possession of the area, before finally leaving for good in 1949, following the Round Table Conference, in which the Dutch recognized the newly created United States of Indonesia (RIS). Thus, North Sulawesi is incorporated into the territory of the State of East Indonesia (NIT). Because it is not in accordance with the will of the people, NIT is finally dissolved and then merged into the Republic of Indonesia. On August 17, 1950, the RIS is officially disbanded and then re-formed as the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The island of Sulawesi is briefly governed by one province, before being separated into several different provinces. Thus, the province of North Sulawesi was created on 14 August 1959.

Aceh

Aceh (); (Acehnese: Acèh ([ʔaˈtɕɛh]); Jawi: اچيه‬; Dutch: Atjeh or Aceh) is a province of Indonesia. The territory is located at the northern end of Sumatra. Its capital is Banda Aceh. It is close to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India and separated from them by the Andaman Sea. Its population has the highest percentage of Muslims in Indonesia, who mostly live according to Sharia customs and laws. There are 10 indigenous ethnic groups in this region, the largest being the Acehnese people, accounting for approximately 80% to 90% of the region's population. Aceh is thought to have been the place where the spread of Islam in Indonesia began, and was a key factor of the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia. Islam reached Aceh (Kingdoms of Fansur and Lamuri) around 1250 AD. In the early seventeenth century the Sultanate of Aceh was the most wealthy, powerful and cultivated state in the Malacca Straits region. Aceh has a history of political independence and resistance to control by outsiders, including the former Dutch colonists and the Indonesian government. Aceh has substantial natural resources of oil and natural gas with some estimates that Aceh gas reserves are one of the largest in the world. Relative to most of Indonesia, it is a religiously conservative area. Aceh was the closest point of land to the epicenter of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, which devastated much of the western coast of the province. Approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster. The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM). Aceh was first known as Aceh Darussalam (1511–1959) and then later as the Daerah Istimewa Aceh (1959–2001), Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam (2001–2009) and Aceh (2009–present). Past spellings of Aceh include Acheh, Atjeh, and Achin.

Sulawesi Selatan

South Sulawesi (Indonesian: Sulawesi Selatan; Buginese: ᨔᨘᨒᨓᨙᨔᨗ ᨒᨕᨘᨈ ) is a province in the southern peninsula of Sulawesi. The Selayar Islands archipelago is also part of the province. The capital is Makassar. The province is bordered by Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi to the north, the Gulf of Bone and Southeast Sulawesi to the east, Makassar Strait to the west, and Flores Sea to the south. The 2010 census estimated the population as 8,032,551 which makes South Sulawesi the most populous province on the island (46% of the population of Sulawesi is in South Sulawesi), and the sixth most populous province in Indonesia. The main ethnic groups in South Sulawesi are the Buginese, Makassarese, Toraja, and Mandar. The economy of the province is based on agriculture,, fishing, and mining of gold, magnesium, iron and other metals. The pinisi, a traditional Indonesian two-masted sailing ship, is still used widely by the Buginese and Makassarese, mostly for inter-insular transportation, cargo, and fishing purposes within the Indonesian archipelago. During the golden era of the spice trade, from the 15th to 19th centuries, South Sulawesi served as the gateway to the Maluku Islands. There were a number of small kingdoms, including two prominent ones, the Kingdom of Gowa near Makassar and the Bugis kingdom located in Bone. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) began operating in the region in the 15th century. VOC later allied with the Bugis prince, Arung Palakka, and they defeated the kingdom of Gowa. The king of Gowa, Sultan Hasanuddin was forced to sign a treaty which greatly reduced the power of Bungaya Gowa.

Kalimantan Barat

West Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Barat, Malay: كليمنتان بارت, Chinese: 西加里曼丹; Hakka: Sî-Kâ-lí-màn-tân; Teochew: Sai-Gia-li-man-dang) is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. Its capital city is Pontianak. The province has an area of 147,307 km² with a recorded 2010 census population of 4,395,983 . Ethnic groups include the Dayak, Malay, Chinese, Javanese, Bugis, and Madurese. The latest official estimate (as of January 2014) is 4,546,439. The borders of West Kalimantan roughly trace the mountain ranges surrounding the watershed of the Kapuas River, which drains most of the province. The province shares land borders with Central Kalimantan to the southeast, East Kalimantan to the east, and the Malaysian territory of Sarawak to the north. West Kalimantan is an area that could be dubbed "The Province of a Thousand Rivers". The nickname is aligned with the geographical conditions that have hundreds of large and small rivers that which can be and often are navigable. Several major rivers are still the main route for freight to the hinterland, despite road infrastructure now reaching most districts. Although a small part of West Kalimantan region is sea water, West Kalimantan has dozens of large and small islands (mostly uninhabited) spread along the Karimata Strait and Natuna Sea that borders the province of Riau Islands. The total population in the province, according to the 2000 census totaled 4.07343 million inhabitants (1.85% of Indonesia's population).

Papua Barat

West Papua (Indonesian: Papua Barat) is a province of Indonesia. It covers the two western peninsulas of the island of New Guinea along with nearby islands. Its capital is Manokwari, although the largest city is Sorong, and the 2010 census recorded a population of 760,855; the latest official estimate (as at January 2014) is 877,437. Most of the province is in the Southern Hemisphere, with a few small northwestern islands such as Sajang Island in the Northern Hemisphere. West Papua is also the name used by native Melanesians and NGOs to designate a territory which claimed its independence in 1961, and was subsequently annexed by Indonesia and integrated into it after a contested referendum of self-determination in 1969. Since 2014, the official name of the political group that represents the Melanesian population of western New Guinea in the Melanesian Spearhead Group is the United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP). In brief, Indonesian officials and administrators refer to the province when they say "West Papua"; while native Melanesians, independence activists and non-governmental organizations mean the whole of western New Guinea. West Papua (here understood as a province of Indonesia) was created from the western portion of Papua in February 2003, initially under the name of West Irian Jaya (Indonesian: Irian Jaya Barat); it received its current name in 2007. The province covers the Bird's Head (Doberai) and Bomberai peninsulas and the surrounding islands of Raja Ampat. With a population of 877,437 in 2014, it is the least populous province of Indonesia except for the newly created province of North Kalimantan.

Kepulauan Bangka Belitung

The Bangka Belitung Islands (Indonesian: Kepulauan Bangka Belitung), is a province of Indonesia, previously a part of South Sumatra Province. Lying off the southeastern coasts of Sumatra, the province comprises two main islands, Bangka and Belitung, and several smaller ones. The Bangka Strait separates Sumatra and Bangka, and the Gaspar Strait separates Bangka and Belitung. The Natuna Sea is to the north, the Java Sea is to the south, and the province is separated from Borneo in the east by the Karimata Strait. The province bordered South Sumatra to the West, Riau Islands to the north, West Kalimantan to the east and the Java Sea to the south. The capital is Pangkal Pinang, which is the economic center of the province and seat of the Bangka-Belitung Provincial Government. Other cities and towns in Bangka-Belitung include Sungailiat, Tanjung Pandan and Manggar. As of the 2015 census, the population of Bangka-Belitung was 1,372,813. The province has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests, which however is disappearing due to deforestation. Mount Maras is the highest point in the province and the island of Bangka, with a height of 699 m. There are several rives in the province, such as the Sebuku River, Baturusa River and Mendo River. Bangka Belitung Islands, especially Bangka Island alternated into the kingdom of Sriwijaya and Majapahit Kingdom. After the fall of Majapahit, this province was occupied by the Sultanate of Palembang before it was colonized by the Dutch. After that, Bangka Belitung became a British colony and then handed over to the Dutch government held at Muntok on 17 March 1824 after the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty. During the Dutch colonial period, there was a continuous resistance made by the local people, especially Depati Barin then followed by his son named Depati Amir. The resistance was crushed after Depati Amir was captured and ended in exile to Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara by the Dutch Government. The province remain peaceful until the Japanese captured the area on the eve of World War II. After the Japanese surrendered, the territory was handed to the Indonesian government. The territory was governed under the province of South Sumatra before being separated in 2000 as the 31st province of Indonesia. The province is governed under a governor, like other province of Indonesia. The province is separated into administrative divisions, and regency, each governed by a regent. This is closely modeled after the Residencies during the Dutch colonial era, which is again separated into smaller districts (afdeeling). The province is ethnically, culturally, and linguistically diverse; major ethnic groups including Malay, Chinese and Javanese. Bahasa Indonesia is the official language of the province, while the local Malay dialect and Hakka serves as the lingua franca of the province

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