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Wales

Ceredigion

Ceredigion is a county in Mid Wales. The county was created as Cardiganshire in 1282 in the area of the former Kingdom of Ceredigion. The historic county was abolished in 1974 and reconstituted in 1996 as Ceredigion. The county had a population of 75,900 at the 2011 UK census. Aberystwyth, which is the largest town, is one of the two administrative centres; the other being Aberaeron. Aberystwyth houses Aberystwyth University, Bronglais Hospital and the National Library of Wales. The inland town of Lampeter houses part of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. The county is mainly rural with large parts being hilly or mountainous land. There is level, low-lying land on the coastal strip that runs along the margins of Cardigan Bay. There are a number of sandy beaches popular with visitors here, linked by the long-distance Ceredigion Coast Path. More than half the population speak the Welsh language and the county is considered a centre of Welsh culture. At one time, Ceredigion had more industry than it does today. Lead, silver and zinc were mined here, and many of the sailing ships trading round the coast of Wales were built here. However these industries dwindled over time, and the economy became almost completely dependent on dairying and the rearing of livestock, which were sent to the English market. During the last century, livestock farming has become less profitable, and the population of Cardiganshire has been in decline as people emigrated to more prosperous parts of Wales and to countries abroad. More recently, the population has started rising again as elderly people move into the county for retirement, and various government and European Union initiatives have encouraged tourism and other alternative sources of income.

Carmarthenshire

Carmarthenshire is a unitary authority in the south west of Wales and the largest of the thirteen historic counties. The three largest towns are Llanelli, Carmarthen and Ammanford. Carmarthen is the county town and administrative centre of Carmarthenshire but the most populous settlement is Llanelli. Carmarthenshire has been inhabited since prehistoric times. The town of Carmarthen was founded by the Romans and the region was part of the Principality of Deheubarth during the High Middle Ages. It saw turbulent times during the invasion by the Normans in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries before it was subjugated, along with other parts of Wales, by Edward I of England. Further unrest occurred in the early fifteenth century when the Welsh rebelled under Owain Glyndŵr, and more strife occurred during the English Civil War in the seventeenth century. Carmarthenshire is mainly an agricultural county, apart from the southeastern part which at one time was heavily-industrialised with coal mining, steel-making and tin-plating. In the north of the county the woollen industry was very important in the eighteenth century. Nowadays the economy of the county depends on agriculture, forestry, fishing and tourism. With the decline in its industrial base and the low profitability of the livestock sector, Carmarthenshire is economically one of the worst-performing regions in the United Kingdom. As a tourist destination, Carmarthenshire is not as well known as some other parts of Wales, but does offer a wide range of outdoor activities. Much of the coast is fairly flat; it includes the Millennium Coastal Park, which extends for ten miles to the west of Llanelli and the National Wetlands Centre, a championship golf course and the harbours of Burry Port and Pembrey. Further west are the sandy beaches at Llansteffan and Pendine, and Dylan Thomas' boathouse at Laugharne. Further inland there are a number of medieval castles located in strategic positions, as well as hillforts and standing stones.

Caerphilly County Borough

Caerphilly County Borough is in southeast Wales and straddles the border between the old counties of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire. It is bordered by Cardiff to the southwest, Newport to the southeast, Torfaen to the east, Blaenau Gwent to the northeast, Powys to the north, Merthyr Tydfil to the northwest and Rhondda Cynon Taf to the west. The northern part of the borough is formed by the broad expanse of the Rhymney Valley. The Rhymney River rises in the hills in the north and flows southwards for about thirty miles, looping round to the east just to the north of Caerphilly, the largest town in the borough, before reaching the Bristol Channel. Some of the larger towns are Bedwas, Risca, Ystrad Mynach, Newbridge, Blackwood, Bargoed, New Tredegar and Rhymney. The valley also includes the communities of Abertysswg, Fochriw, Pontlottyn, Tir-Phil, New Tredegar, Aberbargoed, Rhymney and Ystrad Mynach, and the towns of Bargoed and Caerphilly. Located on the edge of the South Wales Coalfield this area was sparsely populated with livestock husbandry being the main occupation. Farmers in their remote farmhouses on the windswept pastures might dig themselves some bucketfuls of coal for their hearth. Things began to change with the development of the iron industry, the start of the Industrial Revolution. In 1752, a 99-year lease was granted for a parcel of land in the Rhymney Valley which gave the lessees the right to mine coal and iron ore. Other such transactions followed, pitshafts were dug and the coal industry developed. By the beginning of the twentieth century, there were forty coalmines in the valley. One of the pits sunk in the late nineteenth century was the Elliot Colliery. At its peak before World War I, it was producing over a million tons of coal a year and employing nearly three thousand people. The coal eventually became depleted and the colliery closed in 1967. Most of the site was cleared but the East Winding House survives and is now a Grade II listed building, and a museum of the coal industry in the area has been opened on the site. All the pits in the valley were closed by the end of the twentieth century; the spoil heaps were removed and the area was landscaped so that it is not now apparent that the valley ever had an industrial past. The county borough was formed on 1 April 1996 by the merger of the Rhymney Valley district of Mid Glamorgan with the Islwyn borough of Gwent. In 2008, as a result of representations from different communities in the borough, a draft plant was put forward proposing various changes to the borders between communities.

Holyhead Breakwater Lighthouse

The Holyhead Breakwater Lighthouse stands on the Holyhead Breakwater outside the Welsh port of Holyhead, Anglesey. The structure, which was completed in 1873, was most likely designed by Victorian civil engineer, John Hawkshaw, after he took control of Holyhead harbour works in 1857. The lighthouse was the last major building completed on the breakwater. The three-storey black and white tower, unlike many contemporary lighthouses, is square. It measures 22.25 feet on each side, is 63 feet high and rests 70 feet above the high-water mark. It has chamfered angles and a stepped plinth set on an oval platform on the breakwater. A square design was chosen because it made the living quarters more comfortable. Much of the original living accommodation remains intact inside. The towers external features include a roll-moulded string-course projecting above the first floor level. There is also a moulded cornice which supports a walkway around a circular glassed-housed light. The tower is surmounted by a weathervane and finial. The enclosed fresnel lens creates a light with a range of 14 mi . The lighthouse is considered architecturally important because it forms part of the ambitious Victorian engineering works to create "harbours of refuge" throughout Great Britain. In the 19th century, packet ships approaching Holyhead in the fog would be warned by a bell operated from the lighthouse. In the late 1870s this was supplemented with rockets which would complement the gun fired from the fog warning station on North Stack, Anglesey. The lighthouse was manned until November 1961 when it was automated. Among the last keepers in the 1950s were Arthur Burgess and David John Williams. The latter later became a speaker for Trinity House giving talks on the service. Like most other lights in Gwynedd, it is now operated from Trinity Houses Holyhead Control Centre. Today the upkeep of the lighthouse is the responsibility of Holyhead port authority, which is operated by Stena Line.

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