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Old Botanical Garden of Göttingen University

The Old Botanical Garden of Göttingen University, with an area of 4.5 hectares, is an historic botanical garden maintained by the University of Göttingen. It is located in the Altstadt at Untere Karspüle 1, adjacent to the city wall, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany, and open daily. The garden was established in 1736 by Albrecht von Haller as a hortus medicus, and gradually extended via adjacent plots within and without the city wall. By 1806 the garden had a tropical greenhouse, orangery, and cycad house; to these were added in 1830 an Araceae greenhouse, and again in 1857 a new orangery . Although the gardens collection of tropical plants was destroyed in the World War II, it was replenished postwar and augmented by a major collection of wild plants from central Europe. In 1967, as the universitys natural science faculty began its relocation to a site north of the city center, two new botanical gardens were there established, but the old garden continues. In one of the most recent changes, its systematic garden was converted from 2003-2007 from a century-old taxonomic structure to one reflecting contemporary molecular genetics. Today the garden contains 17,500 accessions representing about 14,000 species, and it forms one of the largest and most significant scientific collections of plants in Germany. It contains major collections of bromeliads, cacti, ferns, marsh and aquatic plants, and mosses . Its major areas include a systemic garden, arboretum, pond, rockery, useful and medicinal plant garden, and a weed collection. Eight greenhouses contain bromeliads, orchids, carnivorous plants, plants of the tropical rain forest, tropical water plants, cycads, aroids, cacti and other succulent plants, and ferns. Three tunnels through the city wall link the gardens inner and outer sections.

SS. Peter and Paul's Church

The Paulinerkirche in the historic city center of Göttingen was completed as a minster in 1304. Today it serves as a convention and exposition centre for the Göttingen State and University Library. In 1294 the Dominican Order was permitted to settle in Göttingen and started to build a monastery in the western part of the city center. The minster was constructed in the style of a gothic hall church typical for the order. Upon completion of the minster the Paulinerkirche became the most ancient gothic hall church in the historic center of Göttingen. It was dedicated in 1331 to the apostles Peter and Paul. This is the origin of the name of the church. Since 1341 it has been the repository of important relics of saint Thomas Aquinas. These drew great numbers of pilgrims to Thomasmass every year and provided the church with a good reputation even in distant places. Twelve years after Martin Luther's publication of the 95 Theses, Reformation took hold in Göttingen in 1529. This resulted in hardships for the black friars in the subsequent years. The city magistrate in the beginning did not have full administrative control over the parish churches. These were under the authority of duke Eric I of Brunswick-Lüneburg, prince of Calenberg-Göttingen. He stayed faithful to the old beliefs and did not want to permit Lutheran sermons in his churches. The city magistrate therefore decided the mendicant order's masses would be delivered in the two churches. The largest one of these was the Paulinerkirche, so most of these masses were delivered primarily here. The first regular mass was given by reverend Friedrich Hüventhal against the wishes of the monks on October 24, 1529. Also, in this place the first children in Göttingen were baptized to the Lutheran faith. (rather baptized "according to Lutheran practice." No one is baptized into a denominational faith.) Shortly afterwards the monastery was dissolved, and the building was then used as a paedagogium for educational purposes. This later lead to the establishment of Göttingen University in this building in 1737. A short time before this, the foundation of the university library of Göttingen took place. Masses for the students and adademics continued in the church until 1803. The rapidly growing library resulted in a shortage of available space, so the masses had to move to another place and the library took over all parts of the building. In 1812, under the rule of Jérôme Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, the lower windows were taken down and an additional floor was integrated. The upper part of the church was converted to a library hall. The church suffered heavy damage in an Allied air raid on November 24, 1944. After World War II the church was rebuilt and the library hall was opened as a lecture hall. Later it was used for the central catalogue of Lower Saxony. Today, since the 1992 opening of a new building for the Göttingen State and University Library on campus, the lecture hall covers the entire length of the former church. The monumental hall building, with a length of 52 meters, meets all requirements for modern use, yet retains its ancient character. In spite of several renovations of the church building, it is still almost completely unadorned, inside as well as outside. In the lecture hall there are long rows of bookshelves holding the books which formed the base for the library in the 18th century. The Paulinerkirche today is part of a building complex of the university library at the site of the former monastery precinct. The most important stock of books has been stored since 1992 in the new building on campus. However, in the adjacent Gründerzeit style building remains the manuscript reading room, the research library, the Asia-Africa library, the map collection as well as several storage rooms. The Kollegienhaus is located between this building and the Paulinerkirche which was constructed as a baroque building between 1734 and 1737 from material of the old monastery. In this building on Papendiek street is the main entrance to the library as well as to the lecture and exposition hall in the Paulinerkirche on the first floor. In front of the building is a bronze statue of important Göttingen professor Georg Christoph Lichtenberg.

Forstbotanischer Garten und Pflanzengeographisches Arboretum der Universität Göttingen

The Forstbotanischer Garten und Pflanzengeographisches Arboretum der Universität Göttingen, often called the Forstbotanischer Garten und Arboretum, is a 40 hectares arboretum and botanical garden maintained by the University of Göttingen. It is located at Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany, immediately adjacent to the New Botanical Garden, and open to the public daily. The arboretum dates to 1870 when it was created as a forestry school by the Hannoversch Münden Faculty of Forestry. Over the years it fell into disuse but was revived and substantially modified in 1970/71 when the forestry education and research facilities were transferred to Göttingen. At that time todays garden and arboretum were begun, with first plantings taking place in Autumn 1970 in the Japan section. Early plantings focused on wild species but after 1980 cultivated varieties were increasingly planted. Today the garden and arboretum contain over 2000 species on the forestry school campus. Its major sections garden are as follows: geographic collections of trees from China, Japan, Korea, North America, and the Caucasus, which together represent about 45 genera with 800 species, subspecies, and varieties; the forest botanical garden which contains about 140 plant genera with about 1100 wild species, subspecies, and varieties; and a tertiary forest area.

Neuer Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen

The Neuer Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen, also known as the Experimenteller Botanischer Garten, is a research botanical garden maintained by the University of Göttingen. It is located immediately adjacent to the universitys Forstbotanischer Garten und Arboretum at Grisebachstraße 1, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany, and open daily without charge. The garden was established by Prof. Heinz Ellenberg in 1967 as an experimental facility to augment the historic Alte Botanische Garten der Universität Göttingen. In 2009 its name was changed to the Experimenteller Botanischer Garten. The garden contains special collections of Centaurea and related genera, native flora of Central Europe, holarctic forest vegetation, endangered wild plants, and rare weeds, as well as an alpine garden, wild rose collection, and pond with aquatic and swamp plants.
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