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South Sudan

Bandingilo National Park

The Bandingilo National Park, sometimes spelled Badingilo, is located in South Sudans Equatoria region, within the states of Central Equatoria and Eastern Equatoria. It was established in 1992. Situated in a wooded area near the White Nile River, it is over 10,000 square kilometres in size. Earths second-largest annual animal migration, involving multiple species of antelope including reedbuck, tiang, and white-eared kob, takes place in the park, which is also home to iconic African megafauna like the Nubian giraffe. It also contains large marshlands stretching up into Jonglei state. Predators like the African wild dogs, Sudan cheetahs, caracals, Masai lions and spotted hyenas are also living in the national park. The park supports large bird populations. Though a major wildlife preserve, the park lies within a Total oil concession, potentially exposing it to surveying and drilling. On 6 July 2011, three days before South Sudan formally seceded from Sudan, an administrative headquarters was officially opened at a ribbon-cutting ceremony led by Central Equatoria Governor Clement Wani and USAIDs Sudan director William Hammink. Due to South Sudans intense poverty and a lack of facilities, something the new administrative center is part of plans to alleviate, Bandingilo is one of the least touristed national parks in the world.

Southern National Park

The Southern National Park is found in South Sudan. It was established in 1939. This site is 23,000 km2. A.B. Anderson, a former Assistant Game Warden, reported that in 1950 that the Southern National Park was spread over an area of 7,800 square miles . It was drained by three rivers: the Sue River to the west, a well-defined channel that joined the Nile; the Gel River to the east; and the Ibba River in the centre of the park. The Gel and Ibba Rivers, after flowing through the park, formed a flood plain which made the habitat swampy. Bushveld, true rainforest vegetation, forests in laterite soils and gallery forests were found in the park. During the monsoon season, the park had extensive grassland that grew up to about 15 feet . The soil was generally of whitish clay and there were sandy valleys. The park was thinly populated and visited by very few tourists. Hunting, fishing and honey collection were the common vocations of the people living in the park area. He identified aquafauna in the rivers flowing through the park as aba, an eel-like fish, tilapia, Nile bichir, lung fish, catfish, and a few crocodiles. Mammals reported to have been present in the park during Andersons time in Southern Sudan were giant eland, waterbuck, kob, hartebeest, korrigum, buffalo, giraffe, oribi, white rhino, reedbuck, lion, colobus monkey, various galagos including the Senegal bushbaby, and giant forest hog. Anderson also reported that marabou storks and pelicans were present in some regions of the park.

Ez Zeraf Game Reserve

Ez Zeraf Game Reserve is a 675,000-hectare protected area in northern South Sudan. It was designated in 1939 when the area was within Sudan. Located within the Sudd Ramsar site, Ez Zeraf is a IUCN Category VI site with mostly seasonally flooded grassland and woodland landscape. It is internationally important for its large mammal concentrations. It was gazetted in 1939 along with Fanikang Game Reserve to protect Nile Lechwe and Sitatunga. It is also home to Hippopotamus. A large portion of the reserves area is on Zeraf Island, a seasonally flooded island area isolated by the White Nile to the West and the Bahr el Zeraf river to the east. Although the reserve extends eastwards of this island, some records call it the Zeraph Island Reserve and others state that this island was the primary target for protection. The name in general is derived from the Bahr el Zeraf and is popularly rendered simply as "Zeraf Game Reserve"

Malakāl

The city of Malakal is located in Malakal County, Upper Nile State, in the northeast of South Sudan, close to the International borders with the Republic of Sudan and with Ethiopia. The town is located on the banks of the White Nile, just north of its confluence with the Sobat River. This location lies approximately 650 kilometres , by road, directly north of Juba, the capital of South Sudan and the largest city in that county. Malakal is the capital of Upper Nile State, South Sudan . It also serves as the headquarters of Malakal County, in which it is located. During the Second Sudanese Civil War, the town was a garrison town of the Khartoum-based Sudanese Armed Forces . Following South Sudan's independence on 9 July 2011, the troops from the Republic of Sudan have retreated from Malakal. Malakal was the site of the November 2006 Battle of Malakal. Beginning in 2013, Malakal has been the site of numerous battles between government SPLA forces and the Nuer White Army, loosely commanded by the SPLM-IO which is headed by Riek Machar. The city has been overrun on various occasions by both sides. As of October 2015, Malakal had exchanged hands twelve times during the civil war, and was utterly destroyed in the process. A major road linking Malakal with the town of Kurmuk at the border with Ethiopia is under repairs and renovations to asphalt surface. The road is expected to be ready for commissioning by May 2013. The city of Malakal is also served by Malakal International Airport, one of the two International airports in South Sudan, the other being Juba International Airport. Water traffic on the White Nile River can travel as far north as Khartoum in the Republic of Sudan, and as far south as Adok in Lakes State. As of 2005 the population of Malakal was estimated at about 129,620. The 2008 Sudanese census, which was boycotted by the South Sudanese government, recorded a population of about 126,500. However, those results are disputed by the authorities in Juba. In 2010, it was estimated that the population of Malakal had grown to about 139,450. Below is a table depicting the estimated population of the city from 1983 until 2010 from all sources:

Mongalla

Mongalla or Mangalla is a community in Jubek State in South Sudan, on the east side of the Bahr al Jebel or White Nile river. It lies about 75 km by road northeast of Juba. The towns of Terekeka and Bor lie downstream, north of Mongalla. During the colonial era, Mongalla was capital of Mongalla Province, which reached south to Uganda and east towards Ethiopia. On 7 December 1917 the last of the northern Sudanese troops were withdrawn from Mongalla, replaced by Equatorial troops. These southern and at least nominally Christian troops remained the only permanent garrison of the town and province until their mutiny in August 1955. Mongalla and the surrounding province was then absorbed into Equatoria Province in 1956. The town was taken and retaken more than once during the Second Sudanese Civil War . An experimental station was established to grow sugar at Mongalla in the 1950s, and there were plans to establish commercial operations. However, after independence in 1956 the Khartoum government shifted the sugar project to the north, where it is grown under much less favorable conditions with heavy irrigation. A sugar, clothing, and a weaving factory was established in Mongalla in the 1970s but operations failed to get beyond their trial phase and diminished as conflict grew in the region in the early 1980s. In April 2006 the President of Southern Sudan, Salva Kiir Mayardit, named Mongalla as one of the Nile ports to be the first to be rehabilitated. Mongalla is an important center for gauging the flow of the Nile, with measurements taken regularly from 1905 until 1983, and since 2004.
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