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Battle of Towton

The Battle of Towton was fought during the English Wars of the Roses on 29 March 1461, near the village of Towton in Yorkshire. It brought about a change of monarchs in England, with the victor, the Yorkist Edward, Duke of York—who became King Edward IV having displaced the Lancastrian King Henry VI as king, and thus drove the head of the Lancastrians and his key supporters out of the country. It is described as "probably the largest and bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil", though Boudicca's defeat at the Battle of Watling Street is also a contender. According to chroniclers, more than 50,000 soldiers from the Houses of York and Lancaster fought for hours amidst a snowstorm on that day, which was Palm Sunday. A newsletter circulated a week after the battle reported that 28,000 died on the battlefield. Contemporary accounts described Henry VI as peaceful and pious, not suited for the violent dynastic civil wars, such as the War of the Roses. He had periods of insanity while his inherent benevolence eventually required his wife, Margaret of Anjou, to assume control of his kingdom, which contributed to his own downfall. His ineffectual rule had encouraged the nobles' schemes to establish control over him, and the situation deteriorated into a civil war between the supporters of his house and those of Richard, Duke of York. After the Yorkists captured Henry in 1460, the English parliament passed an Act of Accord to let York and his line succeed Henry as king. Henry's consort, Margaret of Anjou, refused to accept the dispossession of her son's right to the throne and, along with fellow Lancastrian malcontents, raised an army. Richard of York was killed at the Battle of Wakefield and his titles, including the claim to the throne, passed to his eldest son Edward. Nobles who were previously hesitant to support Richard's claim to the throne considered the Lancastrians to have reneged on the Act — a legal agreement — and Edward found enough backing to denounce Henry and declare himself king. The Battle of Towton was to affirm the victor's right to rule over England through force of arms. On reaching the battlefield, the Yorkists found themselves heavily outnumbered. Part of their force under the Duke of Norfolk had yet to arrive. The Yorkist leader Lord Fauconberg turned the tables by ordering his archers to take advantage of the strong wind to outrange their enemies. The one-sided missile exchange, with Lancastrian arrows falling short of the Yorkist ranks, provoked the Lancastrians into abandoning their defensive positions. The ensuing hand-to-hand combat lasted hours, exhausting the combatants. The arrival of Norfolk's men reinvigorated the Yorkists and, encouraged by Edward, they routed their foes. Many Lancastrians were killed while fleeing; some trampled each other and others drowned in the rivers, which are said to have made them run red with blood for several days. Several who were taken as prisoners were executed. The power of the House of Lancaster was severely reduced after this battle. Henry fled the country, and many of his most powerful followers were dead or in exile after the engagement, letting Edward rule England uninterrupted for nine years, before a brief restoration of Henry to the throne. Later generations remembered the battle as depicted in William Shakespeare's dramatic adaptation of Henry's life—Henry VI, Part 3, Act 2, Scene 5. In 1929, the Towton Cross was erected on the battlefield to commemorate the event. Various archaeological remains and mass graves related to the battle were found in the area centuries after the engagement.

Selby railway station

Selby railway station is a Grade II listed station which serves the town of Selby in North Yorkshire, England. The original terminus station was opened in 1834 for the Leeds and Selby Railway. The Hull and Selby Railway extended the line in 1840, and a new station was built, with the old station becoming a goods shed. The station was rebuilt in 1873 and 1891, the 1891 rebuilding being required due to the replacement of the swing bridge over the Ouse at the same time. The area around the station has been the location for the junctions of a number of lines, including the former East Coast Main Line route between Doncaster and York, as well as the Selby to Driffield Line (1848), and the Selby to Goole Line (1910). After 1983 with the opening of the Selby Diversion Selby is no longer on the East Coast Main Line. As of 2014 lines lead from Selby to Leeds, Hull and Doncaster. The station is managed by TransPennine Express, and receives regional trains operated by Northern and TransPennine Express, as well as Hull-London services operated by Hull Trains and Virgin Trains East Coast.

Wressle Castle

Wressle Castle was a quadrangular castle originally built for Thomas Percy in around 1380. After the death of Henry Hotspur after the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403 ownership of the castle passed to the crown, then to John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. In 1457 Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont obtained the lordship and castle of Wressle for his lifetime. Subsequently the castle then passing to the Earls of Northumberland until Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland . The castle then passed to Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset by his marriage to Josceline Percys daughter Elizabeth Seymour, Duchess of Somerset. The castle was visited by Leland in the 16th century, and described in his itinerary: The basse courte was mostly of timber, with a moat on three sides, the fourth side had the castles entrance. The castelle was of stone, much of which was thought at the time to have been brought from France, with five towers; four at the corners of similar size with four stories, and the fifth over the gatehouse with five stories; at the time the castle was in good condition. The moated gardens include opere topiario in spiral shapes. The castle was garrisoned by parliamentarians during the English Civil War during which time it was badly damaged. Subsequently the castle was slighted by order of parliament with three sides torn down, and all battlements removed. The castle was later used as a farm house until 19 February 1796 when a fire broke out, caused by the deliberate starting of a chimney fire in order to clear the chimney of soot, resulting in the gutting of the building. Wressle Castle is now a Grade I listed ruin and a scheduled monument. Remains include earthworks indicating the moat, and some parts of the castle: the remains of the two towers of the south range; and a building fragment, thought to have been a bakehouse.

Healaugh Park Priory

Healaugh Park Priory was an Augustinian priory in Healaugh, North Yorkshire, England, some 2 miles north of Tadcaster. The present building is a two-storey construction of Magnesian limestone ashlar, with Welsh slate roof and brick chimney stacks and is Grade II* listed. The Priory of St. John the Evangelist was established in 1218 by Jordan de Santa Maria and his wife, Alice at the site now called Healaugh Manor Farm. Alice was the granddaughter of Bertram Haget, who had previously granted the lands outside the village for a hermitage to Gilbert, a monk of Marmoutier. Further land was donated to the priory by the de Acklams and de Boyntons. The priory was finally dissolved in 1535, during the period of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, at which time there were fourteen canons in residence, with a revenue of £86 5s. 9d. In 1540 the property came into the possession of James Gage, who passed it on to Sir Arthur D'Arcy, after which it became the residence of the Barons Wharton. It was later acquired by Stamp Brooksbank, MP and Governor of the Bank of England and descended in the Brooksbank family to Sir Edward Clitherow Brooksbank, 1st Baronet. Two of his three sons were killed in the First World War and the other in a motor cycle accident. Healaugh was disposed of around this time. The remains of the priory served for some time as a Manor house, after which it became a farmhouse, with parts of the monastic building incorporated into the later buildings. A moated enclosure surrounding the building and associated fishponds belonged to either the monastic or Manor house period.
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