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Top Attractions in Kafr ash Shaykh Governorate

Buto

Buto, Butus, or Butosus, now Tell al-Farain near the city of Desouk, was an ancient city located 95 km east of Alexandria in the Nile Delta of Egypt. The city stood on the Sebennytic arm of the Nile, near its mouth, and on the southern shore of the Butic Lake . It is the modern Kem Kasir. Buto originally was two cities, Pe and Dep, which merged into one city that the Egyptians named Per-Wadjet. The goddess Wadjet was its local goddess, often represented as a cobra, and she was considered the patron deity of Lower Egypt. Her oracle was located in her renowned temple in that city. An annual festival held in the city celebrated Wadjet. The city also contained a sanctuary of Horus and much later, became associated with Isis. The city was an important site in the Predynastic era of Ancient Egypt that includes the cultural developments of ten thousand years from the Paleolithic to 3100 BC. Archaeological evidence shows that Upper Egyptian culture replaced the Buto-culture at the delta when Upper and Lower Egypt were unified, and the replacement is considered important evidence for the unification of the two portions of Egypt into one entity. At that time Wadjet joined Nekhbet, who was represented as a white vulture and held the same position as the patron of Upper Egypt, and together they were known as the two ladies who were the patrons of the unified Egypt. The image of Nekhbet joined Wadjet on the Uraeus that would encircle the crown of the pharaohs who ruled the unified Egypt. Being called Buto by the Greeks during Ptolemaic Egypt, a Greek dynasty ruling from 305 to 30 BC, it was the capital town, or according to Herodian, merely the principal village of the Nile Delta, which Herodotus calls the Chemmite nome; Ptolemy, the Phthenothite nome, and Pliny the Elder, Ptenetha. The Greek historians record that the town was celebrated for its monolithite temple and oracle of the goddess Wadjet, whom the Greeks identified with Leto or Latona. A yearly feast was held there in honour of the goddess. They noted that at Buto there was also a sanctuary of Horus and of Bastet . The Greek name, Buto, is nearly allied to that of Muth or Maut, their appellations for Isis, as Mother of the World. According to these same late sources, the shrew was worshipped at Buto.

Fort Julien

Fort Julien was a fort in Egypt, originally built by the Ottoman Empire and occupied by the French during Napoleon Bonapartes campaign in Egypt and Syria between 1798-1801. It stood on the left bank of the Nile a couple of kilometres north-east of Rashid on the north coast of Egypt. In mid-July 1799 French troops under Lieutenant Pierre-François Bouchard uncovered the famous Rosetta Stone at the fort while repairing its defences. Two years later, the fort was captured by a combined British and Turkish force after a short siege and bombardment. The fort was a low, squat fortification with a central blockhouse that overlooked the final few kilometres of the Nile before it joins the Mediterranean Sea. It had been built in the 15th century by the Mamluk Sultan Qait Bey, who also built the eponymous Citadel of Qaitbay in Alexandria. The French took possession of it on 19 July 1799, only a few days before the Battle of Abukir, and embarked on a hasty rebuilding of the dilapidated fort. It was subsequently reconstructed in a more thoroughgoing fashion and was renamed Fort Julien after Thomas Prosper Jullien, one of Napoleons aides-de-camp. It was during this reconstruction that the Rosetta Stone was found. Qait Beys engineers had apparently brought it to the site from elsewhere, possibly a temple at nearby Sais, to use as fill. Fort Julien was an important link in the French defensive line on the route to Cairo and barred access from the sea to the lower reaches of the river. French gunboats operated along the river nearby, blocking access to the mouth of the Nile. When the British landed at Abukir Bay on 1 March 1801, the fort was garrisoned by a total of around 300 men, comprising a unit of veterans or invalides supported by artillery and infantry from the 61st demi-brigade. The British marched on Rosetta on 8 April, accompanied by a sizeable Ottoman force, and pushed on to besiege the fort with the 2nd Regiment of Foot under Lord Dalhousie and a force of 1,000 Turks. The siege was complicated by the difficulties of bringing artillery to bear on the fort, a task which took eight days. Seven gunboats had to be dragged for 5 kilometres across sand and mud before they could be relaunched on the Nile, while 24-pound naval carronades were landed on the sea shore and dragged 6 kilometres overland to reach their firing positions. General Robert Lawson of the Royal Artillery took the decision to use naval carronades rather than heavier standard 24-pounders in the assumption – which proved correct – that the cement used by the French in their hasty improvement work would not yet have hardened. The French gunboats were driven back by their British opponents, enabling other British and Turkish gunboats to enter the river. On 16 April the artillery preparations were completed and the bombardment commenced, focusing on the south-west angle of the fort. A section of the wall collapsed on 18 April, exposing the French defenders to Turkish sharpshooters. At 11:00 on 19 April, the 264 surviving members of the French garrison surrendered, opening the Nile to the British and Turkish fleet. The French suffered 41 casualties, killed and wounded, while the British side suffered the loss of one lieutenant and two privates.
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