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Vietnam

Hanoi

Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam and the country's second largest city. Its population in 2009 was estimated at 2.6 million for urban districts and 7 million for the metropolitan jurisdiction. The number of population in 2015 was estimated at 7.7 million people. From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam. It was eclipsed by Huế, the imperial capital of Vietnam during the Nguyễn Dynasty , but Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1954. From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of North Vietnam, and it became the capital of a reunified Vietnam in 1976, after the North's victory in the Vietnam War. The city lies on the right bank of the Red River. Hanoi is 1,760 km north of Ho Chi Minh City and 120 km west of Hai Phong city. October 2010 officially marked 1000 years since the establishment of the city. The Hanoi Ceramic Mosaic Mural is a 4 km ceramic mosaic mural created to mark the occasion.

Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City , formerly named and still also referred to as Saigon , is the largest city in Vietnam. It was once known as Prey Nokor, an important Khmer seaport prior to annexation by the Vietnamese in the 17th century. Under the name Saigon, it was the capital of the French colony of Cochinchina and later of the independent republic of South Vietnam 1955-75. On 2 July 1976, Saigon merged with the surrounding Gia Định Province and was officially renamed Ho Chi Minh City after revolutionary leader Hồ Chí Minh (although the name Sài Gòn is still unofficially widely used). The metropolitan area, which consists of the Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area, Thủ Dầu Một, Biên Hòa, Vũng Tàu and surrounding towns, is populated by more than 9 million people, making it the most populous metropolitan area in Vietnam. The city's population is expected to grow to 13.9 million in 2025. The Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area, a metropolitan area covering most parts of the south-east region plus Tiền Giang Province and Long An Province under planning, will have an area of 30,000 square kilometres with a population of 20 million inhabitants by 2020. According to the Mercer Human Resource Consulting, Economist Intelligence Unit and ECA International, Ho Chi Minh City is ranked 132 on the list of world's most expensive cities for expatriate employees.

Da Nang City

Đà Nẵng is one of the major port cities in Vietnam and the biggest city on the Central Vietnam; the city is situated on the coast of the Eastern Sea, at the opening end of the Hàn River. Đà Nẵng is the commercial and educational center of Central Vietnam, with a well-sheltered, easily accessible port; its location on the path of National Route 1A and the North-South Railway makes it a hub for transportation. It is located within 100 km of several UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Imperial City of Huế, the Old Town of Hội An, and the Mỹ Sơn ruins. The city was previously known as Cửa Hàn during early Đại Việt settlement, and as Tourane during French colonial rule. It is the third biggest economic center in Vietnam (after Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi). Before 1997, the city was part of Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng Province. On 1 January 1997, Đà Nẵng was separated from Quảng Nam Province to become one of five independent municipalities in Vietnam. Đà Nẵng is listed as a first class city, and has a higher urbanization ratio than any of Vietnam's other provinces or centrally governed cities. In terms of urban population, Đà Nẵng is the fifth largest city in Vietnam.

Khánh Hòa Province

Khánh Hòa ( listen) is a province of Vietnam located in the South Central Coast. It has a population of 1,066,300 and spans an area of 5,197 km². Its capital is Nha Trang. Khánh Hòa is the site of Bảo Đại's summer home, the Pasteur Institute of Nha Trang, the Institute of Oceanography, the Institute of Vaccines and Biological Substances, and was headquarters of the US Army's Special Forces ("the Green Berets") during the Vietnam War in the late 1950s and 1960s. Cam Ranh Bay port is on land closest to a deep sea drop in Vietnam - the best site for submarine bases in Vietnam. An ancient temple of Champa is on the north side of Nha Trang. The site of what is now Khánh Hòa had been within the territory of the Champa Kingdom before it was annexed to Đại Việt's (Viet Nam's) territory. In 1653, one of the Nguyễn lords, Nguyễn Phúc Tần, sent his troops to occupy Phan Rang. The Champa king Bà Tấm surrendered to Nguyen's troops and ceded an area from the east of the Phan Rang River to Phú Yên to the Nguyễn lord. The Nguyễn lord accepted the ceded territory and set up the Thái Khang garrison and divided it into two districts: Thái Khang and Diên Ninh. In 1832, under the rule of emperor Minh Mạng, this area was renamed Khánh Hòa and was divided into two districts which included four counties: Phủ Diên Khánh inclusive of Phước Điền and Vĩnh Xương county; Phủ Ninh Hòa inclusive of Quảng Phước and Tân Định county. Under French Indochina, the provincial capital was located in Diên Khánh Citadel, but it was relocated in Nha Trang Town in 1945. During the Vietnam War, Khánh Hòa was a hub of military activity for the Republic of Vietnam army (ARVN), the Republic of Vietnam Navy, the Republic of Vietnam Air Force, and for the U.S. Pacific Air Forces (USAF), particularly in Cam Ranh Bay and at the Nha Trang Air Base. The II Corp. headquarters was located in Nha trang and populated by general and field officers, intelligence groups and ARVN liaisons. After the communists' victory and the Fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, the communist regime merged two provinces, Phú Yên and Khánh Hòa, into Phú Khánh Province on 29 October 1975. In 1977, Nha Trang Town was upgraded to city status. In 1982, the National Assembly decided to incorporate the Spratly Islands into Phú Khánh Province. On June 30, 1989, the National Assembly reversed its previous decision and split Phú Khánh Province into two provinces as they were before.

Tỉnh Yên Bái

Yên Bái is an agricultural-based province located in Tây Bắc, the northern part of northern-central Vietnam. It shares borders with six provinces which are Hà Giang Province, Lào Cai Province, Lai Châu Province, Sơn La Province, Phú Thọ Province, and Tuyên Quang Province. The province covers an area of 6899.5 square kilometres and as of 2008 it had a population of 750,200 people. Yên Bái's history is important under the French colony, particularly the subsequent "Yên Bái mutiny", an uprising of Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army on 10 February 1930 in collaboration with civilian supporters who were members of the Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang (VNQDD, the Vietnamese Nationalist Party). Forestry and farming are the main economic stay of the province. Thác Bà Lake is a natural asset of the country along with its Thác Bà Hydroelectric Plant. Dong Cuong Festival is an important festival of the province.

Tỉnh Bắc Giang

Bắc Giang is a province of Vietnam. It is located in the Northeast region of the country, being situated 50 kilometres to the east of Hanoi. The province covers an area of 3827.45 square kilometres and, as of 2008, it had a population of 1,628,400. Bắc Giang's history is traced to the Hung Kings who established the Văn Lang nation, which was then followed in succession the rule of the Lê and Nguyên dynasties. It was the prefecture of Đa Phúc during the time of Emperor Tự Đức, Vietnam's last independent monarch. The modern province of Bắc Giang was founded in 1895. The province lies in the Red River Delta and is bordered by Quảng Ninh to the east, Lạng Sơn to the north, Thái Nguyên and the urban district of Sóc Sơn in the capital Hanoi to the west, and Bắc Ninh and Hải Dương to the south.

Kẻ Gỗ Nature Reserve

Kẻ Gỗ Nature Reserve is a nature reserve in Vietnam. It is located in three districts of this province, namely: Cẩm Xuyên, Thạch Hà, Hương Khê. It was established by the Decision No. 519/QD-UB dated May 3, 1997 of the Ha Tinh Peoples Committee. The purpose of this establishment is to protect the endangered Vietnamese pheasant and the imperial pheasant as well as biodiversity in the southern area of this province. In this area, there exists nearly 100 species of amphibians and reptiles as shown by the German biologist Dr. Thomas Ziegler. Large mammals are rare, due to the high hunting pressure. So there is probably no more elephants. Ke Go is home to one of the last lowland rainforests of Vietnam. The management board includes about 70 persons, inclusive of 56 rangers. Illegal loggings, poaching and exploitation of oil threaten this habitat. The Netherlands and ORO-VERDE financially supported a project for the conservation of the reserve.

Tỉnh Thái Nguyên

Thái Nguyên is a province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. It is a mountainous, midland province with a natural land area of 3534.45 square kilometres and a population of 1,149,100 as of 2008. Its multi-ethnic society is composed of eight ethnic groups. With its rich mineral resources and salubrious climate, the province offers significant opportunities for industrial development for both domestic and foreign investors. Thái Nguyên is also known as an educational centre and ranks 3rd nationwide, having 21 universities and colleges. The province is also the centre of tea industry in the country with an area of 16,000 ha. with a production of 100,000 tonnes/year. Its dried tea production is 25,000 tonnes/year. The tea produced here is considered to have the finest quality throughout Vietnam.

Lao Cai

Lào Cai ( listen), is a province of the mountainous Northwest region of Vietnam bordering the province of Yunnan in China. The province covers an area of 6,383.9 square kilometres and as of 2008 it had a population of 602,300 people. Lào Cai and Sa Pa are two important cities within the province at the border with China; the former is well known as key trading post and the latter is hill station famous for tourism, in the Northwest region of Vietnam. Lào Cai is also the capital of Lào Cai Province and shares border with the city of Hekou, in the Yunnan province of Southwest China. This border town was closed after the 1979 war with China, since reopened in 1993, has become a major tourist centre between Hanoi, Sa Pa and Kunming (China). Sa Pa is notable as a hill resort and market centre for the local ethnic Hmong, including the Red, Black, Green and Flower Hmong. Located across the Muong Hoa Valley from Vietnam's highest mountain, Fansipan, the city is sometimes referred to as the "queen of mountains" Lào Cai has many historical sites, natural caves and produces agricultural specialties such as Bắc Hà plums. In a 1929 survey conducted in the area, the vegetation (flora) and fauna (mammals) recorded by the French biologist Delacour who accompanied Theodore Roosevelt were unique to the region in northern Vietnam.

Tỉnh Cao Bằng

Cao Bằng is a province of the Northeast region of Vietnam. The province has borders with Hà Giang, Tuyên Quang, Bắc Kạn, and Lạng Sơn provinces within Vietnam. It also has common international border with Guangxi Province of the People's Republic of China. The province covers an area of 6724.6 square kilometres, and, as of 2008, its population was 528,100 people. The area has a rich history tracing to the Bronze Age of the Tày Âu Kingdom in Vietnam. The dynasties which ruled the area were Tày lords, Be Khac Thieu and Nag Dac Thai. The province is in the region where the Vietnamese people lived thousands of years ago before their southwards expansion. Cao Bằng has several points of historical interest as well as many natural features such as the Pac Bo where Hồ Chí Minh in January 1941 established a revolutionary force at Cốc Bó cave, the Mạc King's Temple, the Kỳ Sầm Temple, Coi Bin Church, the Bản Giốc waterfall area at the international border between Vietnam and China, and the Thang Hen Mountain Lake.

Tỉnh Quảng Bình

Quảng Bình ( listen), formerly Tiên Bình under the reign of Lê Trung Hưng of the Lê Dynasty (this province was renamed Quảng Bình in 1604), is a province along Vietnam's north-central coast. The province has an area of 8,065.8 square kilometers and population of 857,818 inhabitants The province is bordered by the Laotian Khammouane Province to the west, the North Pacific Ocean to the east, Hà Tĩnh Province to the north and Quảng Trị Province to the south. Historically, this region belonged to Văn Lang and later the kingdom of Champa. Later it was claimed by both the Đại Việt and Champa and officially annexed into Đại Việt by Lý Thường Kiệt, a Lý Dynasty general (under the reign of Lý Thánh Tông). The site of present-day Quảng Bình was battlefields between Champa and Vietnam until the Vietnamese territory was expanded further south by subsequent dynasties. Quảng Bình's importance expanded after Nguyễn Hoàng, a prince of Nguyễn lords was sent to the south by a king of the Lê Dynasty. Hoàng built his estate and turned it into Đàng Trong, a rival of the de facto Trịnh-controlled Đàng Ngoài. Quảng Bình became an important front to defend Đàng Trong from attack by Đàng Ngoài. Under French rule, this province was part of Annam. During the Vietnam War, this province was part of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (aka North Vietnam), only 20 km from the DMZ. This province was severely devastated by bombing from U.S. B-52s. This province is home to the World Heritage Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park. The province is also home to several famous Vietnamese persons, including general Võ Nguyên Giáp, poet Hàn Mặc Tử, writer Bảo Ninh and the family of former South Vietnamese president Ngô Đình Diệm.

Thanh Hóa Province

Thanh Hóa or Thanh Hoá ( listen) is a province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. This is a relatively large province, which ranks as 5th in area and as 3rd in population among 63 central administrative subdivisions. Its capital and largest city is Thanh Hóa City . The province is widely called Xứ Thanh which means Thanh Hoa land in Vietnamese. Human civilization has existed in Thanh Hoa for about 6000 years ago as one of the earliest destination of ancient Vietnamese. Archaeological excavations revealed that the first culture presented was Đa Bút Culture, a culture located along the Sông Đáy river and the Sông Mã river. Thanh Hoa is located in the middle of North Vietnam and North Central Coast as a transition at many aspects: geology, climate, administrative division and local culture. Thus, these factors show that Xứ Thanh is a province with many particular local habits and customs and cultures. Thanh Hoa has 1 provincial municipality, 2 townships and 24 counties with area of 11,133.4 km2 and population of approximate 3.5 million. Sầm Sơn township is a famous seaside resort situated 16 km from the Thanh Hoa city centre. Whilst, Bỉm Sơn township is a large industrial centre especially cement. The province is also home of many ethnic groups, in which the most 7 ethnicities are Kinh, Mường, Thái, H'Mông, Dao, Thổ, Khơ-mú. == Administrative divisions == Thanh Hóa is subdivided into 27 district-level sub-divisions: 24 districts: 2 district-level towns: 1 provincial city: Thanh Hóa (capital) They are further subdivided into 28 commune-level towns (or townlets), 579 communes, and 30 wards. == Etymology == The province's name derives from Sino-Vietnamese 清化.

Tỉnh Hà Giang

Hà Giang ( listen) is a province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. It is located in the far north of the country, and contains Vietnam's northernmost point. It shares a 270 km long border with Yunnan province of southern China, and thus is known as Vietnam's final frontier. The province covers an area of 7,945.8 square kilometres and as of 2008 it had a population of 705,100 people. The provincial capital, also called Hà Giang, is connected by Highway 2 and is 320 km away from Hanoi. The border crossing is at Thanh Thủy, 25 km from the capital, Hà Giang city. It is one of the poorest provinces of Vietnam as it has mountainous topography with the least potential for agricultural development. The province borders China with a length of over 270 kilometres (170 mi); the border gate is known as the Thanh Thủy. In addition, there are three smaller gates namely, the Phó Bảng, the Xín Mần and Săm Pun.

Tỉnh Phú Thọ

Phú Thọ is a province in northern Vietnam. Its capital is Việt Trì, which is 80 kilometres from Hanoi and 50 kilometres from Nội Bài International Airport. The province covers an area of 3528.1 square kilometres and, as of 2008, it had a population of 1,364,700. The history of Phú Thọ is linked to the 18 dynasties of Hùng kings who were credited with building the nation of Văn Lang. Because of its strategic location, the province is known as the "West Gate of Hanoi". It is located at the confluence of two large rivers: the Red River and the Da River, and in a transitional area between the Red River Delta the country's northern mountainous provinces. The Xuân Sơn National Park, established in February 2002, is located in the province about 80 kilometres from Việt Trì. The park covers an area of 15,048 hectares , with over 11,000 hectares of natural forest and 1,396 hectares of limestone-mountain forests. Phú Thọ is one of the poorest areas of Vietnam and the poorest households earn below US$6 per person per month. Tea is important to the economy of the province. The Hung Kings temple complex, located on Nghĩa Lĩnh mountain in Việt Trì, is a complex of majestic architecture enclosing Hạ Temple (built in the 15th century), Thiện Quang pagoda, Giếng, Trung and Thuong temples, and King Hung's tomb.

Tỉnh Lạng Sơn

Lạng Sơn is a province in far northern Vietnam, bordering Guangxi province in China. Its capital is also called Lạng Sơn, which is a strategically important town at the border with China and is 137 kilometres northeast of Hanoi connected by rail and road. Lạng Sơn Province is bounded by China in the north, Cao Bằng Province borders the northwest, Ha Bac Province on the south, Quảng Ninh Province starting on the south and extending to the eastern border and Thái Nguyên Province to the west. The province covers an area of 8327.6 square kilometres and as of 2008 it had a population of 759,000 people. Lạng Sơn Province, Hà Giang, Lào Cai, Bắc Giang, Bắc Kạn, Cao Bằng, Phú Thọ, Quảng Ninh, Thái Nguyên, Tuyên Quang and Yên Bái of the Northeast region) are all part of the 59 administrative provinces and 5 municipalities in Vietnam. Ancient history of the province is linked to the Bronze Age when the trade route that existed between China and India that passed from the Red River Delta through Nanning to Guangzhou. The province was one of the 13 original provinces in northern Vietnam created under the reign of Emperor Minh Mạng in 1831. Friendship Gate, the historical land link between China and Vietnam, links Lạng Sơn and Guangxi, China. Being a border province, it is important for trade between the two countries. It is accessible by road and rail from Hanoi, the Vietnamese capital, and it is the northernmost point on National Road 1A. Lạng Sơn's economy is 80% based on agriculture and forestry. However, in recent years economic development has received full attention to exploit its rich mineral resources. The most important tree grown in the province is the star anise , an important spice; an evergreen tree which has aromatic lanceolate leaves. Important historical places of interest in the province are the war-ravaged Dong Don Border town, which has rich war history and attracts visitors, two large limestone caves within a short distance from the Long Son town, and a 16th-century citadel of the Ming Dynasty.
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